Networking…………..
Networking switches to define a hardware in brief…
Yes it will be made easy if you have knowledge of hardware, then networking will work well…..
(Basically computer can be differentiated into analog computer, hybrid computer and the desktop computer)
Hardware… the cabinet where the motherboard lies takes the privilege of knowing it as mandatory …
The mother board: Its is of different types, we can taken he below one for an example
- It contains the processor, RAM, ROM, BIOS etc...
Description for the above picture:
- 3 consecutive(vertical) white colored slots are PCI slots
- Next to it a brown colored slot for Graphics(AGP Port)
- 2 paired black slots are RAM slots
- At the top right hand side Small black colored box is the BIOS
- In the left side Rectangular shaped (white) is the processor socket.
- And the below end of the diagram shows the pin points to be connected to it.(eg,mouse,keyboard,USB,speaker etc)
Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI):It’s a 32 bit interface
Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP):Enables most of the multimedia connectivity
Processor: A primary chip and an logical circuit enables the computer to manage and execute.
BIOS: Responsible for starting your computer and initializing the hardware. Updating Bios may remove errors to support new hardware’s
Complimentary Metal Oxide Semi-Conductor (CMOS): Is a chip to maintain the Time and Date even if computer is in off.
Ports:
-Port is a place where data arrives or departs in a PC
- There are two types of ports:- Physical ports and Logical ports
- Physical ports: - E.g.. USB, Serial Port and Parallel Port
-Logical ports: - E.g. Telnet, FTP and SMTP
Serial Port
o It’s a DB 9 Male connector
o Devices can be connected are Mouse, Modem and Serial Printer
o Pins will be arranged as 5 & 4 in each row respectively
Parallel Port
o It’s a 25 pin Female connector
o Devices can be connected are Printer, Scanner and Plotter
o Pins will be arranged as 13 & 12 in each row respectively
Logical Ports
Application Name: Port Number:
FTP 20,21
Telnet 23
SMTP 25
HTTP 80
POP3 110
-SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment Standard) is a computer bus technology primarily designed for transfer of data to and from a hard disk SATA replaces the IDE
Boot process:
§ The system boots it starts with Chip Initiation process , it starts up with system configuration table .
§ Then is goes to the CMOS setup screen
§ After the CMOS setup screen it loads BSL (Boot Strap Loader) the function of BSL is it reads the CMOS RAM
§ The Control Given to Boot Device
§ The Boot Loader File Executes
§ The OS will be loaded
Get into networking…..
Check out the OSI Layer(Open System Interconnect):Developed in the year 1984
Networking switches to define a hardware in brief…
Yes it will be made easy if you have knowledge of hardware, then networking will work well…..
(Basically computer can be differentiated into analog computer, hybrid computer and the desktop computer)
Hardware… the cabinet where the motherboard lies takes the privilege of knowing it as mandatory …
The mother board: Its is of different types, we can taken he below one for an example
- It contains the processor, RAM, ROM, BIOS etc...
Description for the above picture:
- 3 consecutive(vertical) white colored slots are PCI slots
- Next to it a brown colored slot for Graphics(AGP Port)
- 2 paired black slots are RAM slots
- At the top right hand side Small black colored box is the BIOS
- In the left side Rectangular shaped (white) is the processor socket.
- And the below end of the diagram shows the pin points to be connected to it.(eg,mouse,keyboard,USB,speaker etc)
Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI):It’s a 32 bit interface
Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP):Enables most of the multimedia connectivity
Processor: A primary chip and an logical circuit enables the computer to manage and execute.
BIOS: Responsible for starting your computer and initializing the hardware. Updating Bios may remove errors to support new hardware’s
Complimentary Metal Oxide Semi-Conductor (CMOS): Is a chip to maintain the Time and Date even if computer is in off.
Ports:
-Port is a place where data arrives or departs in a PC
- There are two types of ports:- Physical ports and Logical ports
- Physical ports: - E.g.. USB, Serial Port and Parallel Port
-Logical ports: - E.g. Telnet, FTP and SMTP
Serial Port
o It’s a DB 9 Male connector
o Devices can be connected are Mouse, Modem and Serial Printer
o Pins will be arranged as 5 & 4 in each row respectively
Parallel Port
o It’s a 25 pin Female connector
o Devices can be connected are Printer, Scanner and Plotter
o Pins will be arranged as 13 & 12 in each row respectively
Logical Ports
Application Name: Port Number:
FTP 20,21
Telnet 23
SMTP 25
HTTP 80
POP3 110
-SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment Standard) is a computer bus technology primarily designed for transfer of data to and from a hard disk SATA replaces the IDE
Boot process:
§ The system boots it starts with Chip Initiation process , it starts up with system configuration table .
§ Then is goes to the CMOS setup screen
§ After the CMOS setup screen it loads BSL (Boot Strap Loader) the function of BSL is it reads the CMOS RAM
§ The Control Given to Boot Device
§ The Boot Loader File Executes
§ The OS will be loaded
Get into networking…..
Check out the OSI Layer(Open System Interconnect):Developed in the year 1984
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OSI Layers explained briefly
-In physical layer data will be converted into binary (0's & 1''s)
-The physical layer defines all the electrical and physical specifications for devices
-Hub and Repeaters work in this Physical layer
-Data link layer handles data frames between the network and physical layers
-frames are converted into packets in data link layer
-data link layer divided into two layers: LLC (logical link control) and MAC (media Access Control)
-Error detection is done here, switches, bridges work in data link area.
-Network Layer provides the destination path for data to reach easier.
-Logical addressing (MAC) happens here.
-physical address of your computer is changed to MAC Address
-Routers work in network layer.
-Transport layer provides assurance for reliable data delivery, checks for error, loss of data or duplications
-provides acknowledgement of successful transmission. For error data transmit once get retransmission request.
-Gateway works here.
-session layer take cares of establishing connectivity to data, maintained data and terminating session.
-Gateway works in session layer.
-Presentation layer does data translation and presenting in standard format.
-encoding, decoding is done here.
-gateway works in presentation layer.
-application layer plays as interface to execute data in its format in local machine (eg.word file, music etc)
-interface between user and network.
-gateway works in application layer.
Devices in networking
Hub:connect LAN(Local area Network)
1st layer device,sends data in only one direction
Called half dublex.It is a braod casting device.
Switch:joins multiple computers together within one LAN.
it is a layer 2 device,it is a full duplex device,broadcast first then unicast.
It filters and forwards packets between LAN segments.
Router:forwards packets across intranetwork called routing.Layer 3 device
it has LAN and WAN,has a bulit in switch,an firewall device.Has DHCP server
DHCP stand for DYNAMIC HOST CONFIGURATION PROTOCOL.For assinging dynamic IP address to device on network suppotrs both the dynamic and static address.it is a client server networking protocol. Has three phase IP LEASE REQUEST,IP LEASE OFFER,IP LEASE SELECTION,IP LEASE AKNOWLEGDGE.
DNS(DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM)
DNS internet service that changes domain name to IP address
TCP(Transmission COntrol Protocol)
Layer 4 protocol-Connection oriented protocol,use port numbers as end point to communicate.
UDP(User Datagram Protocol)
its layer 4 protocol-connectionless-does not gaurentee delivery.,use port numbers as end point to communicate.
Here there is a need to check for the word LATENCY
Address Resolution protocol is a TCP/IP protocol used to convert an IP address into a physical address(MAC Address)
Mac Adsress wil be in the harddrive address of the local computer.
Belongs to layer 3.
The amount of time taken by a packet to travel from source end to destination.
-In physical layer data will be converted into binary (0's & 1''s)
-The physical layer defines all the electrical and physical specifications for devices
-Hub and Repeaters work in this Physical layer
-Data link layer handles data frames between the network and physical layers
-frames are converted into packets in data link layer
-data link layer divided into two layers: LLC (logical link control) and MAC (media Access Control)
-Error detection is done here, switches, bridges work in data link area.
-Network Layer provides the destination path for data to reach easier.
-Logical addressing (MAC) happens here.
-physical address of your computer is changed to MAC Address
-Routers work in network layer.
-Transport layer provides assurance for reliable data delivery, checks for error, loss of data or duplications
-provides acknowledgement of successful transmission. For error data transmit once get retransmission request.
-Gateway works here.
-session layer take cares of establishing connectivity to data, maintained data and terminating session.
-Gateway works in session layer.
-Presentation layer does data translation and presenting in standard format.
-encoding, decoding is done here.
-gateway works in presentation layer.
-application layer plays as interface to execute data in its format in local machine (eg.word file, music etc)
-interface between user and network.
-gateway works in application layer.
Devices in networking
Hub:connect LAN(Local area Network)
1st layer device,sends data in only one direction
Called half dublex.It is a braod casting device.
Switch:joins multiple computers together within one LAN.
it is a layer 2 device,it is a full duplex device,broadcast first then unicast.
It filters and forwards packets between LAN segments.
Router:forwards packets across intranetwork called routing.Layer 3 device
it has LAN and WAN,has a bulit in switch,an firewall device.Has DHCP server
DHCP stand for DYNAMIC HOST CONFIGURATION PROTOCOL.For assinging dynamic IP address to device on network suppotrs both the dynamic and static address.it is a client server networking protocol. Has three phase IP LEASE REQUEST,IP LEASE OFFER,IP LEASE SELECTION,IP LEASE AKNOWLEGDGE.
DNS(DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM)
DNS internet service that changes domain name to IP address
TCP(Transmission COntrol Protocol)
Layer 4 protocol-Connection oriented protocol,use port numbers as end point to communicate.
UDP(User Datagram Protocol)
its layer 4 protocol-connectionless-does not gaurentee delivery.,use port numbers as end point to communicate.
Here there is a need to check for the word LATENCY
Address Resolution protocol is a TCP/IP protocol used to convert an IP address into a physical address(MAC Address)
Mac Adsress wil be in the harddrive address of the local computer.
Belongs to layer 3.
The amount of time taken by a packet to travel from source end to destination.