Have a look at cables used:
1. Coaxial Cables:
Central copper core surrounded by the insulator, which in turn covered by metal called braiding, and the last outer cover packet. Cable modem uses this. IEEE has given naming to coaxial cables representing its throughput. E.g. if 10Mbps then 10base5, where 5 is the segment length.. 10base2 is used for Ethernet Lan's
2. Twisted Pair (TP):
Color-coded pairs of insulated copper wires.E.g telephone wires. The number of twist per meter called the twist ratio.
3. Shielded twisted pair:
A foil like metallic substance will be installed around the pair. Not resistance to noise.
4. Unshieded twisted-pair (UTP)
One or more insulated pairs will be installed in a plastic sheath. Less expensive resistance to noise.
We have different ranges for UTP
Cat 1-6
1- 1Mbps used in telephone lines
2- 4Mbps
3-10Mbps
4-16Mbps
5-100Mbps Used in Ethernet
6-1000Mbps Used in Ethernet
6. Fiber Optics
It uses light pulse to transmit information through fiber lines. Its bandwidth is 100s of Gbps
It has three types Single mode, Multi mode, Plastic Optical Fiber mode.Distingusihed using cable colors and cross over.
Network Communication Modes:
Unicast is One to One Communication
Multicast is One to group Communiction
Broadcast is one to all communication
Network Layout is called topology.
Bus topology
All computers are attached to a single Continuous cable which has ends.
Star topology
All the computers are attached to a central cable with an hub.
Ring topology
Each computer connected together in an single way data forwarding path.
Mesh topology
Each computers are connected
with others directly in a group or network.Internet may be the good example.
some kind of area network. Common examples of area network types are:
Unicast is One to One Communication
Multicast is One to group Communiction
Broadcast is one to all communication
Network Layout is called topology.
Bus topology
All computers are attached to a single Continuous cable which has ends.
Star topology
All the computers are attached to a central cable with an hub.
Ring topology
Each computer connected together in an single way data forwarding path.
Mesh topology
Each computers are connected
with others directly in a group or network.Internet may be the good example.
some kind of area network. Common examples of area network types are:
- LAN - Local Area Network
- WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network
- WAN - Wide Area Network
- MAN - Metropolitan Area Network
- SAN - Storage Area Network
IP Addressing:
Is known as logical addressing.
Works i layer 3 of osi layer
it has two versions:
IP Versions 4-32 bit address
IP Versions 6-128 bit address
IP address is divided into classes:
Class a, b and c
This has host and network portions to differentiate them.
Class a N.H.H.H(N-Network-Host)
Class b N.N.H.H
Class c N.N.N.H
N occupies 8 bits, H occupies 8 bits
Class Range
Class A 1-126
Class B 128-191
Class C 192-223
Class D 224-239
Class E 240-254
127-used as loop back address. Host computer uses to send message to itself. Called as semi broadcast address.
Range is 127.0.0.1 to 127.255.255.254
In Class A 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 Range is permit.
In Class B 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 Range is permit
In Class C 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 Range is permit
Subnet mask is to differentiate host and network
Two numbers are used 0 and 255
0 denotes to host and 255 denotes network
e.g class A N.H.H.H -> 255.0.0.0